Maximum Radiated Emissions of Printed Circuit Board Using Analytical Methods

The rapid progress of technology has imposed significant challenges on Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) designers. Once of those challenges is to satisfy the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance requirements. For that reason, EMC compliance must be considered earlier at the design stage for time and cost savings. Conventionally, full wave simulation is employed to check whether the designed PCB meets EMC standards or not. However, this method is not a suitable option since it requires intensive computational time and thus increasing the unit cost. This paper describes novel analytical models for estimating the radiated emissions (RE) of PCB. These models can be used to help the circuit designer to modify their circuit based on the maximum allowable RE comparing to the relevant EMC-RE standard limit. Although there are many RE sources on PCB, this paper focuses on the significant source of RE on PCB; namely PCB-traces. The trace geometry, termination impedance, dielectric type, etc. can be specified based on the maximum allowable emissions. The proposed models were verified by comparing the results of the proposed models with both simulation and experimental results. Good agreements were obtained between the analytically computed results and simulation/measurement results with accuracy of ±3dB

An Overview On The Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation Of Electromagnetic Compatibility Test

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) plays an important role in the current electronic industrial market. To fulfill the standard of laboratory accreditation in the EMC field based on the ISO 17025 standard, the proficiency test (PT) or the inter-laboratory participation is mandatory towards the accreditation requirements. One of the essences of the laboratory assessment is the measurement uncertainty (MU). Recent research trends show that there are MU works on the data validation, hardware, and signal reference source. This paper highlights a summary of recent related works on the MU improvement and recommendation, which will result in the possible future directive reviews

An Overview On The Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation Of Electromagnetic Compatibility Test

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) plays an important role in the current electronic industrial market. To fulfill the standard of laboratory accreditation in the EMC field based on the ISO 17025 standard, the proficiency test (PT) or the inter-laboratory participation is mandatory towards the accreditation requirements. One of the essences of the laboratory assessment is the measurement uncertainty (MU). Recent research trends show that there are MU works on the data validation, hardware, and signal reference source. This paper highlights a summary of recent related works on the MU improvement and recommendation, which will result in the possible future directive reviews

Novel Spiral With and Without Patch EBG Structures for EMI Reduction

Electromagnetic bandgap structures (EBGs) have the ability to provide excellent reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this work, a 3 by 3 spiral with and without patch electromagnetic bandgap planar was fabricated on low cost FR4 substrate with permittivity of 4.3 and thickness of 1.6mm. Both designs have dimensions of 36 mm x 36 mm covering 9 unit cells planar design. The simulation and experimental characteristics are illustrated in this paper. An acceptable agreement between the simulated and measured results was obtained. It was found that the spiral without patch EBG experienced better bandgap than the spiral with patch design, which covered bandgap of (5.8 – 7.4 GHz) with relative bandwidth of 22.56%. Meanwhile, for the spiral with patch structure, it covered C band (4.5 – 7 GHz) with extended relative bandwidth of 43%. The results of the characteristics demonstrate that the proposed EBGs are attractive candidates for the integration into the high speed circuitry designs where spiral with patch can be involved in C band applications to suppress the EMI emitted by their circuitry

Single Band Antenna Using Harmonic Trap Open Circuit Stub (OCS) Method for Electromagnetic Radiation Detector

This paper focused on the design and performance of Harmonic Suppression Antenna (HSA) that can effectively operate at frequencies of 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz and 2600 MHz and can suppress the undesired harmonic frequencies. Proposed antenna can be used as a RF detector to sense the Electromagnetic Radiation from mobile base station. Harmonic suppression antenna (HSA) is able to suppress the harmonic frequencies to get a better antenna performance since the needed to have single band antenna as a RF detector. Open Circuit Stub (OCS) is the harmonic suppression techniques that has been used in this project and capable to suppress the harmonic frequencies in the range of 0 MHz to 7 GHz. The stubs as harmonic suppression element does not affect the radiation pattern which has the percentage of reduction is about less than 10 %. The simulation of the antenna design was conducted by using CST Microwave Studio softwar

Time domain analysis of direct-feed biconical antenna for antenna calibration and EMC measurement

The direct-feed biconical antenna where no balanced to unbalanced network (BALUN) is needed has been used in Antenna calibration and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). It has optimized dimensions using mathematical method to match 50 Ω systems between 200 MHz and 2 GHz. Antenna Factor has been determined for proposed direct feed biconical antenna. However, the analytical results have deviation up to 5dB at 300 MHz compared with simulation and measurement results. This is predicted due to the gap between two cones in simulation and measurement. In analytical, assumption has been made that the gap between two cones is ignored. Therefore, time domain analysis using a time gating method has been used to analyse the effect between two cones. The results shows that the gap between two cones and the connector that been used in both simulation and measurement that was not taken into consideration in the AF evaluation in the analytical method could affect the input impedance and eventually give high uncertainty to the AF especially at low frequency

Cyclist Monitoring System using NI myRIO-1900

This paper presents cyclist monitoring system that tracks cyclist path and shows the cyclist training condition. Cyclist monitoring system is using NI myRIO-1900 that integrates the sensors and modules and then monitors the cyclist data using Ubidots web interface. In this system, heart rate sensor, magnetic sensor, GPS module and GSM module are connected to NI myRIO-1900. Heart rate sensor was used to calculate the heart rate of cyclist from time to time. Magnetic sensor was attached to the frame of bicycle to calculate the speed of bicycle. GPS module was used to track location of cyclist. GSM modules was used to send SOS message if there has an accident happened on cyclist. At the first, NI myRIO-1900 initialized the state of the GPS signal. After initializing, NI myRIO-1900 received the signal from magnetic sensor and heart rate sensor. After receiving all of the signals from those sensors, the data was uploaded to the GUI in LabVIEW and the web interface that run by Ubidots. The parameters such as speed, heart rate, distance travel and power were displayed on the GUI and Ubidots for cyclist to monitor their condition of body during cycling. The S.O.S button was installed on the bicycle. If the cyclist is in dangerous situation, cyclist can press this button to send the emergency signal to police or the person that is important to them

Cyclist Monitoring System using NI myRIO-1900

This paper presents cyclist monitoring system that tracks cyclist path and shows the cyclist training condition. Cyclist monitoring system is using NI myRIO-1900 that integrates the sensors and modules and then monitors the cyclist data using Ubidots web interface. In this system, heart rate sensor, magnetic sensor, GPS module and GSM module are connected to NI myRIO-1900. Heart rate sensor was used to calculate the heart rate of cyclist from time to time. Magnetic sensor was attached to the frame of bicycle to calculate the speed of bicycle. GPS module was used to track location of cyclist. GSM modules was used to send SOS message if there has an accident happened on cyclist. At the first, NI myRIO-1900 initialized the state of the GPS signal. After initializing, NI myRIO-1900 received the signal from magnetic sensor and heart rate sensor. After receiving all of the signals from those sensors, the data was uploaded to the GUI in LabVIEW and the web interface that run by Ubidots. The parameters such as speed, heart rate, distance travel and power were displayed on the GUI and Ubidots for cyclist to monitor their condition of body during cycling. The S.O.S button was installed on the bicycle. If the cyclist is in dangerous situation, cyclist can press this button to send the emergency signal to police or the person that is important to them

Dipole Model of Rectangular Patch Antenna, Application to Self and Mutual Impedance Analysis

International audience<p>Rectangular linear-polarized patch antenna is modeled by two printed dipoles.This array of two parallel printed dipoles can be studied analytically to find the radiation characteristics of the patch antenna. Comparative results between measurement, numerical simulation, and analytical method are presented to show the performance of this new model. &#169; 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1017–1019, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26706</p

Novel spiral with and without patch EBG structures for EMI reduction

Electromagnetic bandgap structures (EBGs) have the ability to provide excellent reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this work, a 3 by 3 spiral with and without patch electromagnetic bandgap planar was fabricated on low cost FR4 substrate with permittivity of 4.3 and thickness of 1.6mm. Both designs have dimensions of 36 mm x 36 mm covering 9 unit cells planar design. The simulation and experimental characteristics are illustrated in this paper. An acceptable agreement between the simulated and measured results was obtained. It was found that the spiral without patch EBG experienced better bandgap than the spiral with patch design, which covered bandgap of (5.8 – 7.4 GHz) with relative bandwidth of 22.56%. Meanwhile, for the spiral with patch structure, it covered C band (4.5 – 7 GHz) with extended relative bandwidth of 43%. The results of the characteristics demonstrate that the proposed EBGs are attractive candidates for the integration into the high speed circuitry designs where spiral with patch can be involved in C band applications to suppress the EMI emitted by their circuitry